News

WASHINGTON, D.C. – Today, Congressman Brett Guthrie (KY-02), Chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, and Congressman Richard Hudson (NC-09), Chairman of the Subcommittee on Communications and Technology, announced a hearing titled Global Networks at Risk: Securing the Future of Telecommunications Infrastructure . “Our adversaries continually seek to exploit vulnerabilities in our communications infrastructure to jeopardize our national security, disrupt critical services, and steal Americans’ data. As the United States faces new and evolving threats, we must act quickly to strengthen our networks and support greater resilience by outpacing those who seek to do us harm,” said Chairmen Guthrie and Hudson . “We look forward to this conversation with experts from across the industry on what steps Congress should take to ensure Americans continue to have access to secure and reliable networks.”    Subcommittee on Communications and Technology hearing titled Global Networks at Risk: Securing the Future of Telecommunications Infrastructure    WHAT : Subcommittee on Communications and Technology hearing on securing global networks.     DATE : Wednesday, April 30, 2025  TIME : 10:00 AM ET  LOCATION : 2322 Rayburn House Office Building   This notice is at the direction of the Chairman. The hearing will be open to the public and press and will be livestreamed online at energycommerce.house.gov . If you have any questions concerning this hearing, please contact Noah Jackson at Noah.Jackson@mail.house.gov . If you have any press-related questions, please contact Daniel Kelly at Daniel.Kelly@mail.house.gov .   ###

WASHINGTON, D.C. – Today, Congressman Brett Guthrie (KY-02), Chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, and Congressman Bob Latta (OH-05), Chairman of the Subcommittee on Energy, announced a hearing titled Assuring Abundant, Reliable American Energy to Power Innovation . “Our nation is at an energy crossroads. It’s clear that securing our electric grid and powering AI will require abundant and reliable energy for decades to come,” said Chairmen Guthrie and Latta. “Over the past several months, our Committee has heard from energy producers, grid operators, and experts on AI that have discussed the need to produce more baseload power. This legislative hearing offers us the chance to discuss specific policy proposals to help achieve this goal and ensure American energy dominance.”   Subcommittee on Energy hearing titled Assuring Abundant, Reliable American Energy to Power Innovation   WHAT : Subcommittee on Energy hearing to discuss legislation that would help our nation create affordable and reliable energy in order to maintain our grid and power new technologies.  DATE : Wednesday, April 30, 2025        TIME :  10:15 AM ET  LOCATION : 2123 Rayburn House Office Building    This hearing will focus on the following bills: H.R. ____ , Reliable Power Act H.R. 1047 , GRID Power Act (Rep. Balderson) H.R. ____ , Power Plant Reliability Act of 2025 H.R. ____ , Electric Supply Chain Act H.R. ____ , Reliability Protection for States Act H.R. ____ , State Planning for Reliability and Affordability Act  H.R. ____ , Hydropower Relicensing Transparency Act H.R. ____ , National Coal Council Reestablishment Act H.R. ____ , Securing America’s Critical Minerals Supply Act  H.R. ____ , Researching Efficient Federal Improvements for Necessary Energy Refining Act (REFINER) Act H.R. ____ , Promoting Cross-Border Energy Infrastructure Act  H.R. 1949 , Unlocking our Domestic LNG Potential Act of 2025 (Rep. Pfluger) H.R. ____ , Improving Interagency Coordination for Review of Natural Gas Pipelines Act H.R. ____ , Expediting Generator Interconnection Procedures Act of 2025   This notice is at the direction of the Chairman. The hearing will be open to the public and press and will be livestreamed online at energycommerce.house.gov. If you have any questions concerning this hearing, please contact Calvin Huggins at Calvin.Huggins1@mail.house.gov . If you have any press-related questions, please contact Ben Mullany at Ben.Mullany@mail.house.gov .   ###

WASHINGTON, D.C. – Yesterday, Congressman Brett Guthrie (KY-02), Chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, led a full committee hearing titled Converting Energy into Intelligence: the Future of AI Technology, Human Discovery, and American Global Competitiveness. “On Energy and Commerce, we have a broad jurisdiction. From energy to telecom to health care applications, AI touches it all. That is why it is critical for our committee to lead in fostering a regulatory environment that leaves room for innovation and allows us to produce the massive amounts of energy needed to support AI development,”  said Chairman Guthrie.  “This is a once-in-a-generation opportunity to ensure the United States wins the race to AI dominance, and we won’t let it pass us by.” Watch the full hearing here . Below are key excerpts from yesterday’s hearing : Congressman John Joyce (PA-13): “AI is the defining technology of the next several decades. It will have a revolutionary effect on all aspects of our lives. It will be integral in everything from high-level data analysis to the use of a search engine. In industries as diverse as energy production and healthcare, AI is already making significant inroads. As a doctor, we see AI integrated into innovative medical devices, helping to translate the information collected by the device into clinical guidance. In medical practices, AI can help streamline administrative tasks, allowing doctors to ultimately spend more time with their patients. This is just the beginning of the capabilities that AI will give us, and it is why it is critical that the US leads the way in the deployment of this technology.” Congressman Troy Balderson (OH-12): “I'm proud to represent one of the largest clusters of data centers in the country. Google, Amazon Web Services, Meta, QTS, Vantage, and more have data centers in central Ohio and my district. In total, power demand from data centers will reach 5,000 megawatts in central Ohio by 2030 based on signed power agreements. Just last month, Williams announced a $1.6 billion investment to build two new natural gas fire plants in Lincoln County with a combined capacity of 400 megawatts. This reliable base load power generation is critical to meet growing demand in central Ohio. Dr. Schmidt, in order to alleviate strain on the electric grid, I'm curious what role or involvement you think these tech companies should have in helping to bring in new generation to secure the massive amount of power needed for their facilities. And how should these companies partner with grid operators or power providers to ensure we can properly account for tracking, growing, tracking demand?” Dr. Schmidt: “When I was at Google, we made a bet on Ohio and we built the largest data center at the time in the world, which was massive. The data centers you're describing are 10 times larger than anything I ever built way back when I was doing this, only 7 years ago. It gives you a sense of the scale of the investment in what you're doing. The best thing to do is to have a strategy within your state where everybody agrees to solve the energy power problem. We found in working in Ohio that we were able to get access to the high voltage lines that we could not get access to elsewhere. We built our own substations which are also massive. That's what it takes. That's what every one of you is going to have to do to have your states be a center for AI in the AI revolution.” Congressman Gabe Evans (CO-08): “My district is truly an all of the above energy district - 83% of the oil, 56% of the natural gas in Colorado. The largest wind generating, the wind turbine manufacturing facility actually in the United States, is headquartered in my district. Geothermal, solar - we truly are an all of the above, but specifically with gas plants. One of the things that I've heard there is that there's a major backlog in getting the gas turbines. So can you speak a little bit more to the timing of retiring the coal generation if you don't have a gas alternate immediately ready to go?” Dr. Schmidt: “The reason the natural gas plants have become more expensive is demand, which is sort of what we want, right? We want more of everything and then the market will react. The problem is that these things take years with backlogs to get to you. That delay in natural gas plants will hurt AI competitiveness because it's the best source of power in certain situations.” ###

WASHINGTON, D.C.  – Congressman Brett Guthrie (KY-02), Chairman of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, delivered the following opening statement at today’s hearing titled  Converting Energy into Intelligence: the Future of AI Technology, Human Discovery, and American Global Competitiveness . Chairman Guthrie's opening statement as prepared for delivery: “I want to thank our witnesses for being here and traveling long distances to be here.  “This hearing came from a Library of Congress presentation that Dr. Schmidt held on his book 'Genesis', that he wrote with Henry Kissinger, Henry Kissinger’s last book. “I walked away, thinking we needed to have the entire Congress hear your presentation. So, we’re doing it with the entire Energy and Commerce Committee. “Because, I think an author always wants to know when they write a book, will somebody read my book? And then if they read the book, then will it have an impact? “Well, today, you and all the witnesses are before the full Energy and Commerce Committee. “Our dear colleague, and the dear husband of our colleague, Debbie Dingell, used to say that if it’s moving, it’s energy, if it isn’t, its commerce, something to that effect. “So, we have a large jurisdiction. I say it takes energy to move commerce. I can’t improve on Chairman Dingell, but that’s my version of it. “And so, we’re having a full committee hearing. We typically do this in subcommittee, but this touches all jurisdictions, and I think everybody needs to hear it. If you think about it, it’s going to take enormous energy to beat China to AI in doing that, we have to protect the environment. “Our telecom and privacy, through our commerce and telecom committees, will be dealing with this, and AI has particularly health care applications. So, it touches all of our jurisdictions. “Dr. Schmidt, when I walked away from the Library of Congress, and I read your book, it gave me a sense of mission, and a direction I want to take this committee in the time that I’m chairman. To sum up what you said, it’s the US versus China. “And who will win the war for AI? Essentially, this is as important as the dollar being the reserve currency in the world. It’s that important, that’s what is before us. “What I hear from people in this space, is that we have the brain power and we have the capital, what we need is the energy and the correct regulatory framework. “We have an example of what not to do, and I believe you said in your presentation, Dr. Schmidt, is that Europe has chosen not to grow. We can’t look there as an example, we have to work through it our ourselves. “Some of Europe’s regulatory framework, written specifically to disadvantage American companies, has made them non-competitive. “Europe and the US had a similar sized economy in 2008, and I’ve read that our economy is now about 80% larger. So, what do we need to do? The reason we want to do a full committee hearing is that we have to have broad consensus on how we work together. It has to be Democrat and Republican. “People who invest tell me it’s tough to invest based on congressional cycles or presidential cycles when the rules are going to change every two to four years. And so, what I would like to do in this committee is come up with a regulatory framework and an energy policy that most of us can agree on and build a broad consensus on how we develop massive amounts of energy, while protecting our environment. Dr. Schmidt, you said all energy resources are needed and then AI will develop solutions to deal with climate change. “To put this in perspective, a Microsoft data center can use as much power as the city of Seattle, is what I’ve been told. On the regulation side of it, we have to protect our privacy. Yesterday we had a markup of our bills on children’s privacy and children’s safety, and we have to protect our privacy. “I think all of us want our privacy protected. We can’t do it in a heavy-handed way that stifles innovation, and as I said, we have to look at our friends across the Atlantic. But I think we need to more intently look across the Pacific to a nation determined to win. “China has specifically said they are going to win the war on AI, and we are taking up the challenge to prove to them that the American entrepreneur and the American intellect will win the war on AI, but they have to have the energy and the regulatory environment to do so. “So, if this committee gets it right, America will win. It may win anyway, but we need to be there to make that happen. And if you look at ‘what if China wins?’ We just had an oversight hearing addressing how a medical device from China had an [IP address connected] to the University of Beijing. “What did that mean? We know they’re using everything they can to get information they need on us. “So, we must win. We will win. And for the sake of the world, we have to win. And I’m determined, through this hearing, that all of us will work together, because all of us are dedicated to winning.” ###

WASHINGTON, D.C. – Yesterday, Congressman Gary Palmer (AL-06), Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, led a hearing titled Aging Technology, Emerging Threats: Examining Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities in Legacy Medical Devices .  “The health care sector is one of 16 critical infrastructure sectors in the U.S. and has become a significant target for cyberattacks. To ensure our hospitals are secure and patients safely receive the treatment they need, we must reduce the vulnerabilities found in legacy medical devices,” said Chairman Palmer. “Yesterday’s hearing helped us better understand the risks of these devices and how to navigate them.”   Watch the full hearing here .  Below are key excerpts from yesterday’s hearing :  Congressman Gary Palmer (AL-06): “Are there updated estimates on how many legacy medical devices are currently in-use across the U.S. health care system?” Mr. Decker: “The problem is actually sort of unknown, as far as how many devices exist, especially when we start talking about the concept of what is legacy versus what is non-legacy devices… We can estimate how many devices we think exist. So, if you look inside any typical hospital, you have for any bed 8-15 some devices connected to it. There are stats that show there’s about 913,000 beds in the United States, so extrapolating that, you get to about easily 10,000,000 devices that exist.”   Congressman Brett Guthrie (KY-02): “We’re talking about backdoor medical devices and what that means in the discovery and what vulnerabilities that has and how it’s concerning. So, Mr. Decker and Ms. Jump, how often do we find this type of thing?” Mr. Decker: “Within medical devices, specifically, it’s unknown. You know, there was that report that came out about the Contec Chinese device and in your opening comments, you mentioned there’s two potential opportunities for that to occur. We know that certain nation-state adversaries are prepositioning themselves into critical infrastructure and other critical infrastructure have been targeted for this, so it’s certainly within the realm of possibility that that’s occurring within health care.” Ms. Jump: “I would say that, as a risk management expert, I think that with the increased enforcement of risk management efforts, penetration testing, and threat modeling that FDA has placed on manufacturers, not only for new devices, but also for any devices going in for a significant change of modification, (so older devices do still go through this process) - that manufacturers are being forced to actually look critically at their devices across the whole spectrum - the entire threat landscape of that device. Therefore, I think that we are going to find more and more of these. Certainly, with my clients, we do threat modeling. We do penetration testing. We help those manufacturers find those issues before they become problems and start causing issues within the health care industry.”   Congressman Rus Fulcher (ID-01): “Mr. Garcia, during your verbal testimony, you made a statement that surprised me a little bit and it was that the medical device security in the medical industry, if I understood you correctly, was the most targeted for cyberattacks. Did I get that right?” Mr. Garcia: “The entire health care ecosystem, not just medical devices.” Mr. Fulcher: “Okay, so why health care? I mean, we hear about the banking, right? And power grids. What is it about the health care industry that creates that target?” Mr. Garcia: “Yeah, I came from financial services before this and, at that time 15 years ago, banking was the biggest target because that’s where the money is. But then they started outspending the criminals. The problem with health care is, first off, it is a widely distributed, multifaceted ecosystem that has a lot of touch points, a lot of vulnerabilities. Secondly, there is less money to spend against cyber threats. And thirdly, it’s easy money. When you have a ransomware attack, if you are a hacker and you ransom a hospital, you are forcing the decision on the hospital: should I pay the ransom and continue to treat patients or should I not and run the risk of not treating patients and/or going out of business. That’s why.”   ###

WASHINGTON, D.C. – Yesterday, Congressman Earl L. “Buddy” Carter (GA-01), Chairman of the Subcommittee on Health, led a hearing titled Examining the FDA’s Regulation of Over-the-Counter Monograph Drugs .  “Over-the-counter (OTC) medications help Americans live longer, healthier, and more comfortable lives. This hearing was critical to understanding the vital role that safe, reliable, and affordable OTC medications play in our nation’s overall health,” said Chairman Carter. “I look forward to working in a bipartisan manner to reauthorize the Over-the-Counter Monograph Drug User Fee Program so that we can continue to support FDA’s work to bring pharmaceutical manufacturing back to America and increase patient access to OTC medications.”   Watch the full hearing here .  Below are key excerpts from yesterday’s hearing : Congressman John Joyce (PA-13): “The United States is home to world leading medical innovation. In fact, I often talk about innovation being the cornerstone of American medicine, being the cornerstone of how I practice medicine. Unfortunately, the FDA’s inaction has prevented this innovation, allowing the rest of the world to access new active sunscreen ingredients that are unavailable to Americans. Can you expand upon some of the barriers that are hindering the great innovation by not utilizing the information that our friends and allies have access to?” Mr. D’Ruiz: “People don’t die from using sunscreen. They die from not using sunscreen, number one. And I think there is a large body of evidence worldwide indicating that the news of young sunscreen filters, which have been developed over the last 10 years, are much more efficient – you use less, there is less exposure, and they are much more effective in reducing the harmful effects of both UVA and B. And three, they are more sustainable in terms of environmental impact.” Congresswoman Kat Cammack (FL-13): “You have companies that are already doing things the right way. We don’t want to punish them by putting additional burdens on them to try to capture those companies that are not in compliance. How can we handle that?” Mr. Menzel: “I think that it’s an incredibly important point that we don’t need more regulation as it relates to this, so there needs to be predictability. The OMUFA program allows predictability. The monograph program allows predictability, allows for innovation, allows for speed.”   Congressman Bob Latta (OH-05): “The Over-the-Counter Monograph Drug User Fee Program (OMUFA) at the Food and Drug Administration has produced more than 100,000 safe and effective over-the-counter drugs, giving consumers access to manage their own care in a safe and affordable manner. The OMUFA program has also reduced the number of visits consumers need to make to a doctor to obtain a prescription for a simple treatment, reducing the burden on our health care systems. The OMUFA program has also increased access and choice for consumers. Could you provide examples of how this is beneficial to the public within the United States?” Mr. Menzel: “Yeah , absolutely, I think, in terms of the benefit to the US consumer, one of the items that I think continually needs to be reinforced is for every $1 spent in this space on over-the-counter medicines, it saves the United States health care system $7 in terms of doctor visit cost savings. Pharmaceutical alternatives to pharmaceutical cost savings, the other thing that system does is it allows for a shrinking of these healthcare deserts, where access would be limited, not just in rural areas, but also urban areas that are limited by access to health care.” ###

WASHINGTON, D.C. – Today, Congressman Brett Guthrie (KY-02), Chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, announced a full committee hearing titled Converting Energy into Intelligence: the Future of AI Technology, Human Discovery, and American Global Competitiveness . “American innovators have imagined and built many of the most impactful technologies of the last 250 years. By turning energy into intelligence, AI represents our next chance to lead the world and create a generation of growth and prosperity. In order to meet this moment, it’s critical that we invest in the right infrastructure needed to meet AI’s demands, including producing more baseload electricity, building advanced networks, and producing next generation semiconductors. We also need to understand how the federal government can facilitate further developments in computing power and AI modeling, all while ensuring we have the right guardrails in place to protect consumers,” said Chairman Guthrie. “This flagship hearing will highlight some of the most influential voices in the industry, as we work to make sure the United States is prepared to seize this once-in-a-generation opportunity.” Full Committee on Energy and Commerce hearing titled Converting Energy into Intelligence: the Future of AI Technology, Human Discovery, and American Global Competitiveness WHAT: Full Committee hearing on AI and American Global Competitiveness DATE: Wednesday, April 9, 2025 TIME: 10:00 AM ET LOCATION: 2123 Rayburn House Office Building This notice is at the direction of the Chairman. The hearing will be open to the public and press and will be live streamed online at energycommerce.house.gov . If you have any questions concerning the hearing, please contact Kaitlyn Peterson with the Committee staff at Kaitlyn.Peterson@mail.house.gov. If you have any press-related questions, please contact Matthew VanHyfte at Matthew.VanHyfte@mail.house.gov. ###

WASHINGTON, D.C.  – Congressman Earl L. "Buddy" Carter (GA-01), Chairman of the Subcommittee on Health, delivered the following opening statement at today’s hearing titled  Examining the FDA’s Regulation of Over-the-Counter Monograph Drugs. Subcommittee Chairman Carter's opening statement as prepared for delivery: “I want to welcome everyone to today’s hearing on the Over-the-Counter Monograph Drug User Fee Program, referred to as “OMUFA.” I'm especially pleased that we're talking about the reauthorization of this program as almost 5 years to the date, the initial bill – sponsored by my good friend from Ohio, Representative Latta, as well as one of Georgia's finest, Senator Johnny Isakson – was signed into law by President Trump in March 2020. “The enactment of this program reformed and modernized the regulation of OTC monograph drugs and authorized the FDA to assess and collect user fees dedicated to OTC monograph drug activities. Industry and public health stakeholders supported these reforms, which have provided FDA with additional resources and tools to streamline the monograph process to increase access to quality commonly used drugs and self-care products for the American consumer. This program is designed to improve innovation, while maintaining the FDA ‘gold-standard’ of safety. “The current legislative authority for OMUFA expires September 30th, 2025 – at which point, new legislation will be required to reauthorize the Over-the-Counter Monograph User Fee program for another five-year term. “Over-the-counter medications are widely used to treat common ailments such as colds, headaches, and seasonal allergies. In fact, nearly 9 out of every 10 Americans use OTC medications regularly and trust these affordable remedies to get well and stay healthy. Safe, reliable, and affordable OTC drugs allow consumers to treat common ailments at home, usually without visiting a health care provider, saving the health care system billions annually. “Of particular note is a company called Symrise. They own and operate a manufacturing plant in Georgia’s First Congressional District. Symrise manufactures aroma molecules and fragrance ingredients, which are used in various consumer products across a number of product categories. They also manufacture two of the key UV filters that are commonly used in many OTC sunscreens on the market today.  “Sadly, Symrise’s Colonel’s Island plant experienced a serious fire in 2022. Symrise made the strategic decision to re-invest in the site and restore its capacity in my community, at a time when other companies were leaving. They successfully completed renovations and today, the plant is again fully operational, back at its pre-fire capacity. This is a real success story, and we are grateful for their commitment to Georgia. “We are also fortunate to have Mr. Kevin Menzel before our Committee today. Mr. Menzel is President of Focus Consumer Healthcare, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Kobayashi Healthcare. Kobayashi was founded as a family company in 1886 in Japan. They established a presence in the United States in 1998, and maintain manufacturing and operations in Dalton, Georgia - employing 270 people with products ranging from OTC medicines and supplements, to recreational products like Hot Hands Hand Warmers. Georgia’s pro-business climate and infrastructure make it an ideal location for companies such as Kobayashi. In fact, just recently, Kobayashi began expanding its U.S. manufacturing footprint even further, with a significant announced investment in Georgia — doubling capacity to support ongoing growth and expand employment. “Success stories such as Symrise and Kobayashi highlight why it is critical for this Subcommittee to reauthorize the Over-the-Counter Monograph Drug User Fee Program in a timely manner. This program demonstrated the ability to bring more jobs back to America, while increasing access to safe, reliable, and affordable OTC drugs. “I look forward to hearing from our witnesses today and working with my colleagues on both sides of the aisle to reauthorize this program on time and through regular order.” ###

WASHINGTON, D.C.  – Congressman Gary Palmer (AL-06), Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight & Investigations, delivered the following opening statement at today’s hearing titled  Aging Technology, Emerging Threats: Examining Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities In Legacy Medical Devices. Subcommittee Chairman Palmer's opening statement as prepared for delivery: “Good morning, and welcome to today’s hearing entitled 'Aging Technology, Emerging Threats: Examining Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities in Legacy Medical Devices.' “Legacy medical devices are medical devices that cannot be reasonably protected against current cybersecurity threats. In some instances, these are older devices that were made before existing cybersecurity requirements were established, but they can also be newer devices that have outdated software and lack the necessary cybersecurity protections required to defend against current threats.  “There is a broad range of medical devices that can be vulnerable to cybersecurity threats, but examples include patient monitors, infusion pumps, and imaging systems. With over 6,000 hospitals in the U.S., each housing a range of rooms and beds and an average of 10 to 15 connected devices per bed, it is clear how integral medical devices are to delivering health care in the U.S. “One challenge with these devices is that the hardware can last 10 to 30 years, but the software becomes obsolete much sooner. Patching and updating software are common ways to address cybersecurity vulnerabilities, but it is unlikely that such vulnerabilities can be sufficiently mitigated through these approaches due to outdated technology and compatibility issues.  “Moreover, merely replacing devices comes with financial and logistical challenges which leads many hospitals to retain these legacy medical devices well beyond their life expectancies – often without the software support to handle modern cybersecurity risks. This is particularly true in small, rural, or under-resourced facilities, making it crucial to find practical solutions. “It is also important to recognize that the health care sector is one of 16 critical infrastructure sectors in the U.S., and it has become a significant target for cyberattacks. For example, in 2017, the global WannaCry ransomware attack severely impacted the health care sector. In the U.S., medical device manufacturers rushed to patch affected devices after WannaCry showed that malware could jump from PCs to embedded medical devices. This attack demonstrated how unpatched, older Windows-based systems in medical devices can be immobilized by ransomware. “Additionally, the risk of harm to patients is a big concern because if a medical device’s vulnerability is exploited, the ability for a device to help monitor, diagnose, or treat a patient can be compromised.  “There are also national security concerns. On January 30th, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released an alert about a Chinese-made patient monitor that had a hidden backdoor that could enable remote control and data exfiltration. While the vulnerability may have been unintentional, it raised concerns and highlighted the risk of nation-state actors pre-positioning destructive malware in our health care sector as part of a potential, large-scale cyberattack to disrupt one of our nation’s critical infrastructure sectors. “Progress was made to address legacy medical device issues in 2022, with the enactment of the PATCH Act which increased FDA's authority over medical device cybersecurity. The law now requires manufacturers to submit cybersecurity plans for new devices. Legacy medical devices that were on the market before this law took effect, however, still pose a significant risk. “Therefore, addressing cybersecurity threats in legacy medical devices is critical. Fortunately, thanks to the ongoing work of the experts represented by our witnesses today, we have valuable partnerships and coordinated efforts to help address these risks and threats. “I thank our witnesses for joining us today and sharing their expertise to guide the efforts in addressing these challenges, and I look forward to their testimony.  “I now recognize the Ranking Member of the Subcommittee, Ms. Clarke, for her opening statement.” ###